Answer-
Nowadays people are using Individuals the electronic medium to get health information using different type health apps. These health apps store health information of the individual. Which is used by healthcare professionals, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies and governments. These apps monitor a variety of health data like- heart rate, blood pressure, sleep patterns, calorie intake, physical activity, blood glucose, cholesterol levels, and several other parameters. This self-monitoring information is set to increase, get more accurate, and transform how healthcare will be delivered to the people.
These data used the health care status in different ways some are explained below.
For healthcare practitioners, who are interested in clinical analytics, it can help in personalizing treatment, monitor health, consult remotely and utilize predictive health analytics for decision-making.
For government, unified data on patients can help identify patterns and analyze trends at regional, national, or disease-specific levels in a population. It can also help the government to develop health policy, interventions, programs for specific demographics prepare, and respond in healthcare emergencies.
For healthcare providers, like labs and hospitals, healthcare analytics entails structuring data to its longitudinal form, which can help in mapping patients’ health journey, and contribute to improved healthcare outcomes.
For pharmaceutical companies, including their various internal divisions such as R&D, sales and marketing, the benefits of advanced analytics, artificial intelligence and machine learning can be utilized in drug discoveries, market assessment, brand intelligence, customer outreach, and engagement.
For patients, health data can encourage patients to be proactive participants in the care process. This is in contrast with the more traditional medicine approach in which doctors have control and make the final decisions.
Pre-empting Treatment with Healthcare Analytics
Healthcare analytics will allow illnesses to be discovered at an earlier onset. Consequently, treatment might be more effective and the disease better treatable. Secondly, treatment failures could be traced sooner and efficiently. Thirdly, it enables researchers and physicians to analyze historical data including the length of stay, patients having surgery, patients vulnerable to medical complications, patients susceptible to antibiotic resistance, sepsis, or other hospital-acquired diseases, potential causal factors of illness progression, complication rates, and co-morbidities.
Gauging Effectiveness of Drugs and Finding a Cure
These information show’s What these diseases have in common was a reliable method of diagnosis, a predictable clinical course, and a significant and noticeable effect of the treatment. All this, coupled with automated intelligence in this era, can enable healthcare to advance at a rapid pace. Because no treatment suits all- it becomes essential to uncover unknown correlations, hidden patterns, and insights by examining large sets of data to help find the correct treatment for a particular population group.
Clinical Decision Support
One of the leading applications of analytics in healthcare is offering support to medical practitioners in assessing and analyzing health data with algorithms while calculating clinical risk in the general population. Clinical Decision Support services are one such offering, which is used in various healthcare providers to evaluate medical data in real-time, thereby influencing treatment, diagnosis and prescriptive decisions.
Patient Empowerment
Patients, via the Internet, not only have access to basic health and medical information but also to the latest developments and various treatment modalities. They now ask more relevant, accurate, and well-informed questions. This prior knowledge reduces the time necessary to explain medical information to the patient. With the latest technology, they are more likely to adhere to prescribed treatment plans. Data analytics their information can add to making a collaborative physician-patient decision, and it will allow them to share information about their risk of genetic susceptibility with relatives.
Current Challenges and Future of Big Data in Healthcare
The big data mining technology will continuously improve, expand, and implemented in diverse aspects of medicine and healthcare to provide more rapid, accurate and real-time results and predictions for clinicians, providers, and patients.
2. Fresh milk startup Country Delight has raised $7-10 million in a Series B funding round led by venture capital firm Matrix Partners. The company claims to source milk directly from the farm, eliminating the middlemen and allowing farmers to earn a premium. It also invests in cold chain and quality testing infrastructure at the farmer’s location. The company offers other milk-based products including paneer, curd, and ghee through its mobile app. How do you think technology can help this startup in improving the dairy supply chain from process management to tracking products and deliveries? (10 Marks)
(Source:https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/country-delight-raises-funding-inround-led-by-matrix-partners-1548182312046.html)
Answer-
Technology plays a very crucial role in the supply chain management . supply chain industries started using the latest technology to sell, marketing tracking and ordering for their product means a complete supply chain. The latest technology can help to manage the customer as well as vendor’s. Customer and vendor can register by herself as a customer or a vendor. And company do not search the customer physically. Only company needs to do marketing of the product. In some cases the physical verification required. It is depend on the company policy.
These kind of technology allows the vendor to create the ready item to deliver for processing at company the same way these allow’s to customer to order their choice of product and payment for the product and customer can track the order at the same platform and get real time updates.Using smartphone technology drivers enter data at each key point: at pick-up, in transit and at the final destination. This data is immediately relayed to the system where, in a matter of seconds, The customers can access information on the status of their item or see signature proof of delivery.
Use of technology in Process Management, Tracking and deliveries.
The combination of the methods used to manage the business of the company called the business process. The business management process use various methods to discover, model, analyze measure improve optimize and automate the business processes. The Advance software based business process is allow us to optimize our end to end operations. There is multiple software in available in the market for to manage the business operations of the company .
In the case of milk start-up industry the company will have a different kind of process like.
Buying the milk from farm and sell that to the business industries.
Buying product from to farm and sell to the retail customer.
Without process management software it is very difficult to service in supply chain industries. The use of the process management software you know clearly just seeing the one screen where are we and you can take the decision according to that. Like you is going to pick from farm. Where he is, Last time who picked. The quality is tested or not, production is started. Ready to sell or not. How much time will take to reach customers etc.
Milk is fast moving consumer goods product. That requires the fast movement. So use of the tracking system is very helpful for the diary based product. The deliveries are very important in FMCG industries. These kinds of products customers want to product deliveries as soon as possible. So deliveries are very important. To make the permanent customer and build customer trust in the company the order should be tracked and share the same information with the customer. The country delight can use the GPS based apps which track the customer deliveries and collect the data from these apps and share that information with the customer. There are multiple GPS based apps available in the market or the company can build their personal apps which can help to country delight to collect and share these data with customers. These apps can integrate with easily with process tracking system. Instead of tracking the customer deliveries these apps can use for collecting customer information as well as vendor (farm) information there due’s detail.
3. The northern Spanish city of Santander has become the testing ground for "smart cities" around the world. Smart Santander is a smart city experiment aimed at improving the quality of life, reducing energy consumption and engaging its citizens in civic duties. The city implemented wireless sensor networks and embedded 10,000 sensors on its streets and municipal vehicles to monitor garbage collections, crime air quality and manage street lighting for better energy efficiency. The Santander Smart City platform allows integrating all the information of the different municipal services and thousands of sensors deployed by the city. The latter devices collect multiple data: from air quality, noise or temperature to which parking lots are free or occupied on different streets or when it is necessary to water a particular park or garden. For example, buses have sensors at the top that allow knowing the level of pollution in different areas of the city. They have also been installed on street lamps and walls inside small white boxes in order to measure noise, temperature or brightness. Multiple devices installed on the ground monitor how many cars are parked in certain streets while different information panels indicate the free places in a given area to park the car. Even paper containers and containers have volumetric measurement sensors that indicate how full they are. This information is especially valuable when planning collection routes, which may vary according to needs. As garbage trucks are also intelligent, it is possible to monitor their travel and activity.
Source: (https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2019/07/17/actualidad/1563371290_289881.html)
a. What are the benefits of a smart city? Considering the dark side of a smart city are you sceptical to the benefits of a smart city? (5 Marks)
Answer-
Smart cities are leveraging modern technologies such as artificial intelligence-based systems which is used for eliminating the various urban problems.
There are some of the benefits of smart cities.
Intelligent transportation systems
The Intelligent transportation systems Traffic patterns and system utilization may be better understood for better road planning, signal use, and differential road use taxes. Analysis of transportation data may further enhance efficiency and safety. Analytics against these data can support interventions that improve engine efficiency and reduce emissions.
Advanced Infrastructure
Governments also have to consider the coverage and capacity of IoT sensors and their network requirements. Based on the scope of the project, governments have to decide how many sensors will be required and how these sensors will be connected. Additionally, every sensor requires a high-speed connection for consistent data exchange.
Governments have to consider all of these technicalities and their expenses before starting a smart city project.
Privacy and security
Smart cities constantly collect large volumes of data using cameras and sensors for numerous applications such as traffic monitoring and safety. Due to aggressive data collection, several civil rights activists and researchers have concerns about the invasion of privacy. According to them, constant camera surveillance will lead to the establishment of a ‘big brother’-Esque surveillance state. Also, continuous data collection helps government authorities understand every aspect of their citizens’ lives. If such data falls in the wrong hands, the consequences can be grim.
Data bias
After collecting large volumes of data, governments generate informative analytics to gain insights into different aspects of smart cities using big data analytics. The data utilized for analytics is historical data and real-time data. Such data may include human biases leading to inaccurate results. Systems utilizing this data may unintentionally discriminate against specific religions, ethnicities, or genders..
b. What are the potential cybersecurity challenges faced in a smart city with data being collected in this way? (5 Marks)
Answer-
Cybersecurity in smart cities is one of the biggest challenges. Smart cities are comprised of a highly complex, interdependent network of devices, systems, platforms, and users. Smart energy, utilities, water and wastage, parking, and automotive, Smart cities are increasingly under attack by a variety of threats. These include sophisticated cyberattacks on critical infrastructure, bringing industrial control systems (ICS) to a grinding halt, abusing low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN) and device communication hijacking, system lockdown threats caused by ransomware, manipulation of sensor data to cause widespread panic (e.g., disaster detection systems) and siphoning citizens, healthcare, consumer data, In this increasingly connected technological landscape, every smart city service is as secure as its weakest link.
According to ABI Research, there will be approximately 1.3 billion wide-area network smart city connections by 2024. Almost 50% of those connections are expected to be LPWA-LTE and LPWA Proprietary. Some LPWA protocols like the NB-IoT are attempting to tackle at least some digital and communication security challenges. However, the fact of the matter remains that these intrinsically lightweight cellular versions aim toward lowering bandwidth costs, increasing coverage, and lowering latency and are not, in general, capable of handling the increased number of cyber threats in the interconnected smart city environment.
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