Basic about EV

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Lower Resistance vs. Higher Resistance in Batteries

 

Lower Resistance vs. Higher Resistance in Batteries

Lower resistance is better for battery efficiency. Here's why:

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Why Lower Resistance Is Better

1. Improved Power Delivery:

   • Lower resistance allows more current to flow with minimal voltage drop. This ensures efficient energy transfer to the load.
   • High resistance reduces the power the battery can deliver, especially during high-demand scenarios.

2. Reduced Heat Generation:

   • Heat is generated according to Joule's law: $P = I^2 \times R$.
   • Lower resistance minimizes heat loss, improving energy efficiency and preventing thermal stress.

3. Better Voltage Stability:

   • Batteries with low internal resistance maintain a more stable voltage under load, which is critical for sensitive electronics or high-power applications.

4. Increased Energy Efficiency:

   • Lower resistance ensures that more of the battery’s stored energy is used by the load rather than being wasted as heat.

5. Longer Battery Life:

   • Excessive heat from high resistance accelerates degradation, reducing battery lifespan.
   • Lower resistance helps maintain stable chemical reactions, preserving the battery’s capacity over time.

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Effects of High Resistance

1. Energy Loss:

   • High resistance leads to greater energy dissipation as heat, reducing overall efficiency.

2. Voltage Drop Under Load:

   • Significant voltage drops can occur when the battery is under high current demand, impacting device performance.

3. Thermal Management Challenges:

   • Increased heat generation requires robust cooling systems, especially in high-capacity batteries like those in electric vehicles (EVs).

4. Decreased Power Output:

   • High internal resistance limits the battery's ability to provide high currents, reducing its power output.

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How Resistance Relates to Battery Health

• New batteries typically have low resistance, ensuring optimal performance.
• Aging batteries develop higher resistance due to chemical degradation, electrode wear, and electrolyte breakdown.

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Ideal Scenario

A battery with low resistance ensures:

• High efficiency
• Minimal energy loss
• Extended lifespan
• Better thermal management

Note: While low resistance is generally desirable, there is an optimal range based on the battery chemistry and application. For example:

• Lithium-ion batteries typically have internal resistances in the milliohm range.
• If resistance is too low, it could indicate a short circuit, which is dangerous.

In conclusion, lower resistance is good for battery efficiency, performance, and longevity.

Forecasting

Forecasting

Forecasting is the blueprint or planning. it is the estimate of the demand of the future. It provides guidelines.  how many of the products produced are likely to be demanded by the customer when these demands are likely to occur and the amount of business the firm can expect during the planning period.

In other words, forecasting is the forward casting of past data. Past is known or could be known from the experience and collection of past data. The future is unknown and at best could only be estimated based on the past Hence one has to be considered the reliability and precision of forecasting. 

Type of Forecasting -

Forecasting may be classified on the basis of time span or range of forecast into three categories -

 Long-Range Forecasting-

 Long-range forecasting consists of a time period the more than 5 years.

 Characteristics - 

Normally it is difficult to model and foresee events for more than 5 years it is mainly due to economic uncertainty and variation in the behavior of the interrelated processes.

Applications - Mostly it is useful for capacity expansion, requirements, and diversification policies of the firm. It is useful in the following areas.

1. Capital planning 
2. Plant Location
3. New Product Planning 
4. Research and Development Planning 

Medium range Forecasting -

The range of medium forecasting is generally from 1 to 5 years.

Characteristics 

As the range of forecast is shortening 5 to 1 year. the accuracy of the forecast increases. this is due to a better understanding of the future and relatively lesser uncertainty estimates the reliability increases of the forecast may be useful in the medium-range forecast.

Applications -

It is very useful in the following areas.

1. Sales planning and sale force decisions.
2. Capital and cash planning 
3. Inventory planning.
4. Production planning.

Short Range forecasting -

Short Range forecasting is typically used for less than a year term. in most cases, it is one for the session or a few months or a few weeks.

Characteristics -

Short-range forecasting is needed at a detailed level, such as the demand for specific items. the forecast may affect the purchasing activity. The specific value of the forecast is needed. there is very less scope for judgment is short-range forecasts and therefore past data are mainly projected into the future.

Applications - 

Short-range forecasting is commonly used in the immediate control of activities.

1. Purchasing 
2. Overtime decision
3. Scheduling of Job
4. Machine maintenance.

 

Mechanical Question/Answer

Q  Explain the effect of the alloying element chromium and nickel in stainless steel?

Addition of nickel and chromium the tensile strength and increase in resistance to corrosion takes place.

Q Mention two type of dislocations?

Dislocation to a break in the continuity of the lattice, in the continuity of the lattice, one place of atom   gets squeezed out. In screw dislocation the lattice atom move from their regular ideal position.

Q What are the principle constituent of the brass?

Principle constituent of the brass is copper and zinc.

Q What is the Curie point?

Curie point is a temperature at which ferromagnetic materials can no longer be magnetised by outside forces.

Q specific strength of materials is very high when they are in fibre but lower when they are in bar from?

Crystal structure has ordered, repeating arrangement of atoms. Fibres are liable to maintain this and thus have high specific strength. As size increases, the condition of ordered and repeating arrangements can`t be guaranteed because of several types of defects and dislocations and thus the specific strength gets lower.

1. Cast iron has 2.5% carbon.
2. Chromium increases the corrosion strength when it added in steel.
3. Individual materials retain their property in composite material.
4. When an elastomer has grater then 100% elongation then it is a polymer.
5. When % elongation is more than 200% then it is classified as rubber.
6. Ductility is the defined as the property of material by virtue of which it can be drawn into wire without rapture.
7. Pitch distance between two rivet is minimum 2.5d, where d is the rivet diameter.
8. Bernoulli theorem states that the sum of pressure head velocity head and monometric head at a point is constant during pipe flow.
9. When carbon % increase in steel brittleness of the steel is increased.
10.  When oxygen content is removed from steel. This type of steel is known as the killed steel.
11.  In the turning of the plane gyroscopic principle is used.
12. Gas turbine works on the brayton or Atkinson cycle.  
13.  In the water tube boiler water flow inside the water tube and gases around it. While fire tube boiler hot gases flow inside the tube and water its surrounding.
14. Ash has the same percentage of content in ultimate and proximate analysis.
15. The crown of the fire box is made hemispherical in order to resist instance heat in fire box.
16. India biggest thermal power station is 500mw.
17.  Humidification involves an increase in specific humidity.
18. Due to lower weight of machine per ton of refrigeration air refrigeration cycle is used in the aeroplanes.
19.  During sensible cooling process relative humidity is increase.
20.  Joule is the unit of the energy.
21. First law of motion is provides the definition of the force.
22. Heavy body have greater momentum if two bodies one light and anther heavy body have equal kinetic energy. In case of simple pendulum of oscillation is given by
23. 
    
24. Hooks law holds good up to limit of proportionality.
25. Young`s modules is defined as the ratio of the longitudinal stress to longitudinal strain.
26.  Snap type rivet head is used in the boiler plate riveting.
27.  Perpendicular distance between two rivets in chain riveting is 2d+6mm, where d is diameter of the rivet.
28. The edge of the boiler plate is bevelled at 80o
29. According to I.B.R. lap joint is preferred for the circumferential joint.
30.  Shape of  the woodruff key is like semicircle .
31.  Ionic reaction generally occurs in solution in polar solvent.
32.  Polyethylene has an ortho rhombic structure.
33.  The degree of freedom of monoatomic gas is 3.
34.  White phosphorus is used as the passion.
35. Hydrofluoric acid is used for the etching of the glass.
36.  Rubber is visco-elastic material.
37. Specific gravity has a dimension less quantity.
38. Cadmium rod is used for slow down the neutron in the reactor.
39.  for NPN transistor negative voltage required at collector.
40. If the spring is cut into parts spring constant does not change.
41. Copper has a common element between brass and bronze.
42. FG250 indicates that the grey cast iron having tensile strength 250 MPa.
43.  Entropy is the extensive property.
44. Throttling process has no work during process.
45.  With the increase of the temperature the ratio of Cp/Cv is decrease.
46.  If the cut off ratio of the diesel cycle increase efficiency of the cycle is decrease.
47.  Straight sided splines, triangular splines, and involute splines is used in the machine element.
48.  The ratio of the fatigue limit to the tensile strength is known as the endurance ratio.
49. GFRP is standing for the glass fibre reinforced plastic.
50. The value of the passion ratio for non-dilatent material is 0.5.
51. Sand graded in foundry according to clay content and grain size.
52.  Shape factor of the casting is the ratio of the sum of the maximum length and maximum width to the maximum thickness.
53. Due to insufficient fluidity of the molten metal causes misran defect in the casting.
54.  Copper is used for the soldering iron bit.
55.  Flux is used in the soldering to prevent oxidation of welded surface.
56. Hurdy cross method is commonly used for computer program for a pipe network.
57. If shear stress is less than half of tensile strength then tensile member is fail in shear.
58. By increasing coefficient of friction and decreasing helix angle a power screw can be made self-locking.
59.  Ackerman steering formed a lower pair.
60.  Copper tool is used in the EDM process.
61. Momentum is defined as mass × velocity.
62.  In hydrostatic lubrication system starting friction is low. 
63. Intensity of radiation at a surface in perpendicular direction is equal to (1/π)×emissive power.
64. Prandtl  number is the ratio of kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity.

 Q Why is it that the maximum value at which the residual stress can reach is the elastic limit of the material?

A stress in elastic limit, with no external force to oppose it, will relive itself by plastic deformation until it reaches the value of yield stress.

 

Q Distinguished between creep and fatigue?

Creep is low and progressive deformation of the material with time under a constant stress at high temperature applications. While fatigue is the reduced tendency of material to offer resistance to applied stress under repeated are fluctuating loading condition.  

THERMODYNAMICS

1. Temperature pressure volume and atomic mass control the physical property of a perfect gas. 
2. Boyle’s law, Charles law Gay-Lussac law and joule’s law is applicable for the behaviour of the perfect gas.
3. Kelvin is the S.I unit of the temperature.
4. S.I unit of the mass is kilogram.
5. The S.I unit of the length is meters.
6. S.I unit of the energy is joule.
7. According to Charles law for a perfect gas T2/T1 = V2/V1, if P is kept constant.
8. According to Gay-Lussac law for a perfect gas the absolute pressure is given mass varies directly as absolute temperature, if volume is kept constant.
9. An ideal gas as compared to real gas occupied more volume.
10. General gas equation is PV = mRT.
11.  The S.I unit of the time is Second.
12. Gas law is applicable to gases alone not to vapours.
13.  According to Dalton’s law the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to sum of the partial pressure of all gases.
14. O2, H2, N2 and air can be regarded as gas. So the gas laws could be applicable, within the commonly encountered temperature limit.
15. Pascal is the S.I unit of the pressure.
16. In a polytrophic process, the perfect gas equation P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 can be used only to determine one property at one of the states, provided all other properties is known.
17. A closed system is one in which mass does not cross the boundaries of the system, through energy may do so.
18. Temperature of a gas is produced due to kinetics energy of molecules.
19.   According to the kinetic theory of gases, the absolute zero temperature is attained when kinetic energy of the molecule is zero.
20. Kinetic theory of gases assumes that the collision between the molecules are perfectly elastic.
21. The pressure of gas in terms of its mean kinetic energy per unit volume E is equal to 2E/3.
22.   Kinetic energy of gases in term of the molecules in term of absolute temperature T is proportional to T.
23. Superheated vapour behaves approximate as a gas

ENGINEERING MATERIAL

1. Ductility of the material can be defined as ability to undergo large deformation in tension.
2. Malleability of a material is defined as ability to undergo large permanent deformation in compression.
3. Stress relaxation is the phenomenon in which deformation tend to loosen the joint and produces a stress reduction.
4. Wrought iron is highly resistance to corrosion.
5. In malleable iron carbon is present in the form of nodular aggregates of graphite.
6. In compression a prism of brittle material will break by shearing along oblique plane.
7.  The elastic stress strain behavior of rubber is non-linear.
8. In nodular iron graphite is in the spheroids.
9. Isotropic material is those which have the same elastic properties in all direction.
10. The metallic structure of mild steel is body centered cubic.
11. The ability of material to resist softening at high temperature is known as hot hardness.
12.  In grey cast iron carbon is present in the form of flacks.
13.   The crystal of alpha iron is body centered cubic.
14. Re-crystallization temperature is one at which new spherical crystals first begin to form from the old deformed one a strained metal is heated.
15. Mild steel is belonging to low carbon steel category.
16. The crystal structure of gamma iron is face centered cubic.
17. Cast iron is characterized by minimum of 2% of carbon.
18. Point of arrest for iron corresponding to stage at which allotropic forms change.
19. The ultimate tensile strength of low carbon steel by working at a high strain rate will increase.
20. Face centered cubic lattice type of material are usually most ductile.
21.  The unique property of cast iron is its high damping characteristics .
22. Delta iron occurs at the temperature of b/w 14000c and 15390c.
23. Slow plastic deformation of metals under a constant stress is known as creep.
24. Pure iron is the structure of ferrite.
25. Pig iron is the name given to product of blast furnace made by reduction of iron ore.
26.  The molecules in solid moves back and forth like tiny pendulums.
27. A material is known as allotropic or polymorphic if it exist in several crystal forms at different temperatures.
28. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of most of the metals when temperature falls from o to -1500c will increase.
29. The percentage of carbon in grey cast iron usually varies b/w 2.5 to 4.5%.
30. A reversible change in the atomic structure of steel with corresponding change in the properties is known as allotropic  change.
31. For the allotropic forms of iron, the point of arrest is the point of discontinuity.
32. Alpha iron gamma iron and delta iron represents the allotropic forms of carbon.
33. Super conduction by metals is observed in the temperature range of below 100k.
34. The number of in 1 cm3 of metals would be of order of 1022.
35. The temperature at which ferromagnetic alpha iron transform to paramagnetic alpha iron is 7700c.
36. Paramagnetic alpha iron changes to gamma iron at 9100c.
37. The percentage of carbon in pig iron varies from 4 to 4.5%.
38. Ferromagnetic alpha iron exists in temperature range of below 7230c.
39. Ferrite constituents of steel are softest and least strong.
40. Gamma iron exists at the temperature b/w 9100c to 14000c.
41. Piezometer is used to measure very low pressure.

Mechanical Question/Answer English Version

 

Distinguish between the shear center and elastic center.

The shear center is a center where the force can act with no twist, whereas the elastic center is located at the center of gravity.

Name two vital conditions of a perfect gas.

Two vital conditions of perfect gas are:

It should satisfy the state equation.

Specific heat remains constant.

What is meant by the greenfield project?

These are the projects, which are built from scratch and do not create pollution.

What do you mean by cotter joint?

It is one of the types of a joint that are used to connect two rods, which are under compressive or tensile stress. This joint is made of steel or iron. Cotter joint is used for connecting a piston rod to the crosshead of the reciprocating steam engine.

Define pitting.

It is corrosion that turns to a small hole in the metal.

What is the alloy of tin and lead?

Solder is an alloy of tin and lead. It is primarily used to make electrical joints.

What is the importance of tolerance in engineering?

You cannot design any product without tolerance. It increases the chances of rejection rate and overall product cost. You utilize tolerance in part dimension to reduce cost and facilitate manufacture.

What is caustic embrittlement?

Caustic embrittlement is a physical change in metal. In this phenomenon, the boiler becomes brittle because of accumulation of caustic soda.

Name the boiler that does not need a steam drum.

Supercritical pressure boiler does not need a steam drum.

Explain the Otto cycle in brief.

Otto cycle describes the functioning of a typical spark-ignition four-stroke engine. Otto cycle is a description of what happens to gas as it is subjected to changes of volume, temperature, addition, or removal of heat.

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

The second law of thermodynamic depicts that the total entropy of an isolated system can never reduce over time.

What is ferrite?

Ferrite is a magnetic iron rock.

Which pipes are used for steam lines?

Steel pipes with welded fitting are used for steam lines.

What do you mean by annealing?

Annealing is the process of heating any material above the recrystallization temperature and cooling after some time. This process increases the hardness and strength of metal material. The result you will get is a reduction of dislocations in the crystal structure of metal being annealed.

Explain enthalpy.

It is the heat content of a thermodynamic system.

Define a uniformly distributed load.

A uniformly distributed load is a load which is spread over a region of the beam. Here the magnitude of the load remains similar throughout the element.

Explain different types of fits.

Fits can be categorized into three groups: 1) clearance fit, 2) interference fit, and 3) transition fit.

Clearance fit: This fit is identified by the occurrence of clearance between the two similar parts.

Interference fit: In this fit, the size of the mating parts is predefined to occur interference between these parts. Here the hole tolerance zone is completely below shaft tolerance zone.

Transition fit: It is a comptonization between clearance and interface fit. In this case of fit, the tolerance zone of the shaft and hole overlaps.

Explain important rules that must be kept in mind while designing castings?

Following are the points that you should keep in mind:

Keep section thickness uniform as much as possible.

Sudden changes in the thickness should be averted at all costs.

Design casting by keeping simplicity.

Avoid large flat surfaces as true large spaces are difficult to create.

Use a curved shape to improve the stress handling of the cast.

What is universal coupling?

Universal coupling is used to connect two shafts whose axes are inclined to each other. It consists of a pair of hinges, connected by a cross shaft.

Why would you use pneumatics?

Pneumatic systems are significantly cheaper than other streams, i.e., hydraulic system. It can move faster and do not leak oil if they develop a leak.

Explain mechanical refrigeration.

Mechanical refrigeration is a process by which heat is removed from a specific location using an artificial heat-exchange system. The refrigeration system can be cyclic, non-cyclic, magnetic, or thermoelectric depending on the application for which refrigeration is needed.

What are various types of brakes?

Various types of brakes are 1) hydraulic breaks, 2) electric breaks, and 3) mechanical breaks.

How will you classify sliding contact?

Sliding contact can be classified based on the various thickness of film bearings.

How will you create a piston head?

Piston head can be designed on the bases of the following points:

The crown must have enough strength to absorb the explosion pressure inside the cylinder.

You can consider Grashof’s formula to calculate the thickness of the head.

Explain knurling.

It is a manufacturing process conducted on the lathe tool to create a pattern on a bar that can be used a handle.

Mechanical questions/Answer

 

1. कतरनी केंद्र (Share Center) और लोचदार केंद्र (elastic center) के बीच भेद।

कतरनी केंद्र एक ऐसा केंद्र है जहां बल बिना किसी मोड़ के कार्य कर सकता है, जबकि लोचदार केंद्र गुरुत्वाकर्षण के केंद्र में स्थित होता है।

2. एक आदर्श गैस की दो महत्वपूर्ण स्थितियों के नाम लिखिए।

उत्तम गैस की दो महत्वपूर्ण शर्तें हैं:

इसे राज्य समीकरण को संतुष्ट करना चाहिए।

विशिष्ट ऊष्मा स्थिर रहती है।

3. ग्रीनफील्ड परियोजना से क्या तात्पर्य है ?

ये ऐसी परियोजनाएं हैं, जो खरोंच से बनाई गई हैं और प्रदूषण नहीं पैदा करती हैं।

4. कोटर जोड़ से आप क्या समझते हैं ?

यह एक प्रकार के जोड़ में से एक है जिसका उपयोग दो छड़ों को जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है,

जो संपीड़ित या तन्यता तनाव में होती हैं। यह जोड़ स्टील या लोहे का बना होता है। कोटर जॉइंट का उपयोग

पिस्टन रॉड को रिसीप्रोकेटिंग स्टीम इंजन के क्रॉसहेड से जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है।

5. पिटिंग को परिभाषित करें।

यह जंग है जो धातु में एक छोटे से छेद में बदल जाती है।

6. टिन और सीसा का मिश्र धातु क्या है?

सोल्डर टिन और लेड की मिश्रधातु है। इसका उपयोग मुख्य रूप से विद्युत जोड़ बनाने के लिए किया जाता है।

7. इंजीनियरिंग में सहिष्णुता का क्या महत्व है?

आप किसी भी उत्पाद को बिना सहनशीलता के डिजाइन नहीं कर सकते। यह अस्वीकृति दर और समग्र उत्पाद लागत की संभावना को बढ़ाता है।

आप लागत को कम करने और निर्माण की सुविधा के लिए आंशिक आयाम में सहिष्णुता का उपयोग करते हैं।

8. कास्टिक embrittlement क्या है?

कास्टिक उत्सर्जन धातु में होने वाला भौतिक परिवर्तन है। इस घटना में, कास्टिक सोडा के जमा होने के कारण बॉयलर भंगुर हो जाता है।

9. उस बॉयलर का नाम बताइए जिसमें स्टीम ड्रम की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है।

सुपरक्रिटिकल प्रेशर बॉयलर को स्टीम ड्रम की आवश्यकता नहीं होती है।

10. ओटो चक्र को संक्षेप में समझाइए।

ओटो साइकिल एक विशिष्ट स्पार्क-इग्निशन फोर-स्ट्रोक इंजन के कामकाज का वर्णन करता है।

ओटो चक्र इस बात का विवरण है कि गैस का क्या होता है क्योंकि यह मात्रा, तापमान, जोड़ या गर्मी को हटाने के परिवर्तन के अधीन है।

11. ऊष्मप्रवैगिकी का दूसरा नियम क्या है?

ऊष्मप्रवैगिकी का दूसरा नियम दर्शाता है कि एक पृथक प्रणाली की कुल एन्ट्रापी समय के साथ कभी कम नहीं हो सकती है।

12. फेराइट क्या है?

फेराइट एक चुंबकीय लौह चट्टान है।

13. भाप लाइनों के लिए कौन से पाइप का उपयोग किया जाता है?

वेल्डेड फिटिंग वाले स्टील पाइप का उपयोग स्टीम लाइनों के लिए किया जाता है।

14. एनीलिंग से आप क्या समझते हैं ?

एनीलिंग किसी भी सामग्री को पुन: क्रिस्टलीकरण तापमान से ऊपर गर्म करने और कुछ समय बाद ठंडा करने की प्रक्रिया है।

यह प्रक्रिया धातु सामग्री की कठोरता और ताकत को बढ़ाती है।

आपको जो परिणाम मिलेगा वह धातु की क्रिस्टल संरचना में अव्यवस्थाओं में कमी है।

15. एन्थैल्पी को समझाइए।

यह एक थर्मोडायनामिक प्रणाली की गर्मी सामग्री है।

16. एक समान रूप से वितरित भार को परिभाषित करें।

एक समान रूप से वितरित भार एक भार है जो बीम के एक क्षेत्र में फैला होता है। यहाँ भार का परिमाण पूरे तत्व में समान रहता है।

17. विभिन्न प्रकार के फिट्स को समझाइए।

फिट को तीन समूहों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है: 1) क्लीयरेंस फिट, 2) इंटरफेरेंस फिट, और 3) ट्रांजिशन फिट।

निकासी फिट: इस फिट की पहचान दो समान भागों के बीच निकासी की घटना से होती है।

हस्तक्षेप फिट: इस फिट में, इन भागों के बीच हस्तक्षेप होने के लिए संभोग भागों के आकार को पूर्वनिर्धारित किया जाता है।

यहां होल टॉलरेंस जोन शाफ्ट टॉलरेंस जोन से पूरी तरह नीचे है।

संक्रमण फिट: यह निकासी और इंटरफ़ेस फिट के बीच एक संयोजन है। फिट के इस मामले में, शाफ्ट और छेद का सहिष्णुता क्षेत्र ओवरलैप होता है।

18. कास्टिंग डिजाइन करते समय ध्यान में रखे जाने वाले महत्वपूर्ण नियमों की व्याख्या करें?

निम्नलिखित बिंदु हैं जिन्हें आपको ध्यान में रखना चाहिए:

जितना हो सके सेक्शन की मोटाई एक समान रखें।

मोटाई में अचानक बदलाव को हर कीमत पर टाला जाना चाहिए।

सादगी को ध्यान में रखते हुए डिजाइन कास्टिंग।

बड़ी सपाट सतहों से बचें क्योंकि वास्तविक बड़े स्थान बनाना मुश्किल है।

कलाकारों के तनाव से निपटने में सुधार के लिए घुमावदार आकार का प्रयोग करें।

19. यूनिवर्सल कपलिंग क्या है?

यूनिवर्सल कपलिंग का उपयोग दो शाफ्टों को जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है जिनकी कुल्हाड़ियाँ एक दूसरे की ओर झुकी होती हैं।

इसमें एक जोड़ी टिका होता है,

जो एक क्रॉस शाफ्ट से जुड़ा होता है।

20. आप न्यूमेटिक्स का उपयोग क्यों करेंगे?

न्यूमेटिक सिस्टम अन्य धाराओं, यानी हाइड्रोलिक सिस्टम की तुलना में काफी सस्ता है। यह तेजी से आगे बढ़ सकता है

और रिसाव होने पर तेल का रिसाव नहीं करता है।

21. यांत्रिक प्रशीतन को समझाइए।

यांत्रिक प्रशीतन एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया है जिसके द्वारा कृत्रिम ताप-विनिमय प्रणाली का उपयोग करके एक

विशिष्ट स्थान से ऊष्मा को हटा दिया जाता है।

प्रशीतन प्रणाली उस अनुप्रयोग के आधार पर चक्रीय,

गैर-चक्रीय, चुंबकीय या थर्मोइलेक्ट्रिक हो सकती है जिसके लिए प्रशीतन की आवश्यकता होती है।

22. विभिन्न प्रकार के ब्रेक क्या हैं?

विभिन्न प्रकार के ब्रेक हैं 1) हाइड्रोलिक ब्रेक, 2) इलेक्ट्रिक ब्रेक, और 3) मैकेनिकल ब्रेक।

23. आप स्लाइडिंग संपर्क को कैसे वर्गीकृत करेंगे?

स्लाइडिंग संपर्क को फिल्म बेयरिंग की विभिन्न मोटाई के आधार पर वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है।

24. आप पिस्टन हेड कैसे बनाएंगे?

पिस्टन हेड को निम्नलिखित बिंदुओं के आधार पर डिजाइन किया जा सकता है:

सिलेंडर के अंदर विस्फोट के दबाव को अवशोषित करने के लिए ताज में पर्याप्त ताकत होनी चाहिए।

सिर की मोटाई की गणना के लिए आप ग्राशॉफ के सूत्र पर विचार कर सकते हैं।

25. नूरलिंग को समझाइए।

यह एक बार पर एक पैटर्न बनाने के लिए खराद उपकरण पर आयोजित एक निर्माण प्रक्रिया है

जिसे एक हैंडल का उपयोग किया जा सकता है।